Give two functions of membranes at the cell surface and two functions of membranes within cells.

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Describe the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. What kind of cell type are plant and animal cells? What extra organelles do plant cells have that eukaryotic cells do not? What are the plasmodesmata? What is the function of the plasma membrane? Where is the plasma membrane found? What is the function of the cell wall? What is the cell wall made of? What is the function of the nucleus? What is chromatin made from? Where is the nucleolus found? What does the nucleolus make? What is the function of the lysosome? What does the lysosome contain? What are ribosomes and what are they made of? What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? What are vesicles and what do they do? What is the role of the Golgi apparatus? What process does the mitochondria carry out? Why do mitochondria require a lot of energy? What are chloroplasts ? Describe the structure of a chloroplast. What is the role of centrioles? What are centrioles made up of? What are the cilia? What is the function of the flagellum? How does the structure of the rough endoplasmic reticulum differ from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? Where are proteins made in the cell? What organelles are involved in protein production? What are the 4 main functions of the cytoskeleton? What is the difference between the DNA of prokaryotes and the DNA of Eukaryotes? Describe the key differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. How is a prokaryotic cell wall different to a eukaryotic cell wall? How is magnification calculated? What is the definition of resolution? What is the difference between magnification and resolution? How do you convert milimeters to micrometers? What is the resolution of a light microscope? What is the magnification of a light microscope? How do laser confocal microscopes work? What are the two types of electron microscopes? What are the advantages and disadvantages of a transmission electron microscope? What are the advantages and disadvantages of a scanning electron microscope? What is the magnification of a transmission electron microscope? What is the resolution of a transmission electron microscope? What is the resolution of a scanning electron microscope? What is the magnification of a scanning electron microscope? Which has the highest resolution: light microscope, TEM, SEM? Why is a stain needed to visualise a sample under a light microscope or TEM? What does eosin stain in cells? What does methylene blue stain in cells? How are samples stained in electron microscopes? What is the difference between a dry mount slide and a wet mount slide? What are plasma membranes? Which three processes do substances use to move across the cell membrane? What are the possible functions of plasma membranes? What might membranes within organelles do? What is the fluid mosaic structure? What are membranes composed of? What are glycolipids? Describe the structure of a phospholipid? How are phospholipids arranged in a bilayer? Is the centre of a bilayer hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Can fat-soluble substances dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer? What is the role of cholesterol? Where is cholesterol found? What is the role of proteins within a plasma membrane? What is the difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion? What is the role of glycolipids and glycoproteins in plasma membranes? What sort of bonds do glycolipids and glycoproteins form with water molecules? Give three molecules that are present in animal cell membranes. Explain why the plasma membrane can be described as having a fluid mosaic structure. State two functions of proteins in cell membranes. Describe how cells communicate with each other using messenger molecules. What role do cell membrane receptors play in cell signalling? What is glucagon? Describe how antihistamines work. How can the permeability of a cell membrane be investigated in the lab?