Describe the structure of an enzyme.

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What kind of bond forms between the sugar and phosphate groups of nucleotides? What sort of reaction breaks down polynucleotides? What bonds form between two DNA polynucleotide strands? What does complementary base pairing mean? Which DNA base does adenine always pair with? Which DNA base does cytosine always pair with? How many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine? How many hydrogen bonds form between cytosine and guanine? What does antiparallel mean? What sort of reaction purifies DNA? What is DNA helicase? Describe how DNA self-replicates. What is semi-conservative replication? What can a random mutation lead to? What is meant by an anticodon? What is the role of tRNA during translation? What is the role of mRNA during translation? What is the product of translation? When does RNA polymerase stop making mRNA? What are enzymes? What is meant by the phrase "biological catalyst"? Give an example of an intracellular enzyme. When is hydrogen peroxide formed? What is the role of catalase? Give examples of extracellular enzymes. What is the role of amylase? What is the role of trypsin? What are globular proteins? What is meant by an active site? What determines the specific shape of an enzyme's active site? What does the shape of the substrate need to be in relation to the active site of an enzyme? What does a reduction in activation energy mean? What is activation energy? How does the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex lower the activation energy? What is the lock and key model? Why might the lock and key model be incorrect? What is the induced fit model? How does the induced fit model explain the specificity of enzymes? How does temperature influence enzyme activity? What happens if temperature of an enzymatic reaction gets too high? What is meant by an enzyme being denatured? What is meant by the optimum temperature? What is the optimum temperature of most human enzymes? What is the temperature coefficient? How can the temperature coefficient be measured? What is the rough Q10 value of most enzyme-controlled reactions? What is meant by an optimum pH value? What would the optimum pH value of pepsin most likely be? What factors make substrate molecules more likely to collide with enzymes in solution? How does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction? How does substrate concentration affect the rate of reaction? How does the rate of reaction change over time when substrate concentration decreases? How can the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme/substrate concentration be investigated experimentally? What is meant by an independent variable? What is meant by a dependent variable? What does it mean if an enzyme is denatured? Explain why increasing the concentration of an enzyme does not always increase the rate of reaction. Explain the effect of increasing substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. Suggest two methods of measuring the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction. What are cofactors? What are co-enzymes? What do cofactors do? What ion is a cofactor for amylase? How do coenzymes differ from cofactors? Is a vitamin a cofactor or a coenzyme? What do cofactors do? What is a tightly bound cofactor known as? What is the prosthetic group for carbonic anhydrase? What is the role of enzyme inhibitors? What is competitive inhibition? What shape do competitive inhibitors have? During competitive inhibition, what impacts how much the enzyme is inhibited? What does increasing the concentration of substrate do during competitive inhibition? What is non-competitive inhibition? What does a non-competitive inhibitor do to the active site of an enzyme? What effect on rate of reaction does an increase in substrate concentration do during non-competitive inhibition? What is the allosteric site? What is the difference between reversible and non-reversible inhibitors? What sort of bonds are involved in irreversible enzyme inhibition? What sort of bonds will be involved in reversible enzyme inhibition? Give examples of medicinal drugs as enzyme inhibitors. Give examples of metabolic poisons that act as enzyme inhibitors. What is cyanide an irreversible inhibitor of? What is malonate an enzyme inhibitor of? What is arsenic an enzyme inhibitor of? How are metabolic pathways regulated? What is end-product inhibition? Is end-product inhibition reversible? How can enzyme inhibition help protect cells? What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitors? Why are some enzymes synthesised as inactive precursors?