What is meant by an optimum pH value?

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What are 5 key functions of water inside and outside of cells? What is the structure of a water molecule? How are water molecules able to hydrogen bond? What is the definition of specific heat capacity? Why do hydrogen bonds give water a high specific heat capacity? Why does water have a high latent heat of evaporation? What is the definition of cohesive? Why are water molecules cohesive? What are the advantages of water molecules being cohesive? Why is water a good solvent? Why is water less dense when it is solid? Why is water's high specific heat capacity useful for living organisms? What are carbohydrates made from? Briefly describe the structure of glucose. What are the two forms of glucose and how do they differ? What is a polymer? Briefly describe the structure of ribose? What three elements are all carbohydrates made up of? What sort of bond forms a disaccharide? Describe condensation reactions. What is maltose formed of? What do alpha-glucose and fructose join to form? 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Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic, and which is hydrophilic? What do bacteria use triglycerides to store? Why are triglycerides good for storage? Where are phospholipids found? What is cholesterol? What is the role of cholesterol in eukaryotic cells? Describe the shape of cholesterol. Describe the structure of a phospholipid bilayer. What are triglycerides composed of? What are proteins? What are proteins made up of? Describe the structure of an amino acid. How are amino acids joined together? What sort of reaction joins amino acids together? What reaction breaks a peptide bond? What are the four levels of protein structure? What is the primary structure of proteins? What is the secondary structure of proteins? What sort of bonds are formed in the secondary structure of proteins? What is the tertiary structure of a protein? What is the quaternary structure of a protein? What bonds are involved in the tertiary structure of a protein? What are disulfide bonds? 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What is the role of catalase? Give examples of extracellular enzymes. What is the role of amylase? What is the role of trypsin? What are globular proteins? Describe the structure of an enzyme. What is meant by an active site? What determines the specific shape of an enzyme's active site? What does the shape of the substrate need to be in relation to the active site of an enzyme? What does a reduction in activation energy mean? How does the formation of an enzyme-substrate complex lower the activation energy? What is the lock and key model? Why might the lock and key model be incorrect? What is the induced fit model? How does the induced fit model explain the specificity of enzymes? How does temperature influence enzyme activity? What happens if temperature of an enzymatic reaction gets too high? What is meant by an enzyme being denatured? What is meant by the optimum temperature? What is the optimum temperature of most human enzymes? What is the temperature coefficient? How can the temperature coefficient be measured? What is the rough Q10 value of most enzyme-controlled reactions? What would the optimum pH value of pepsin most likely be? What factors make substrate molecules more likely to collide with enzymes in solution? How does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction? How does substrate concentration affect the rate of reaction? How does the rate of reaction change over time when substrate concentration decreases? How can the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme/substrate concentration be investigated experimentally? What is meant by an independent variable? What is meant by a dependent variable? What does it mean if an enzyme is denatured? Explain why increasing the concentration of an enzyme does not always increase the rate of reaction. Explain the effect of increasing substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. Suggest two methods of measuring the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction. What are cofactors? 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Give examples of medicinal drugs as enzyme inhibitors. Give examples of metabolic poisons that act as enzyme inhibitors. What is cyanide an irreversible inhibitor of? What is malonate an enzyme inhibitor of? What is arsenic an enzyme inhibitor of? How are metabolic pathways regulated? What is end-product inhibition? Is end-product inhibition reversible? How can enzyme inhibition help protect cells? What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitors? Why are some enzymes synthesised as inactive precursors?