What is the role of chloride in biological processes?

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What are 5 key functions of water inside and outside of cells? What is the structure of a water molecule? How are water molecules able to hydrogen bond? What is the definition of specific heat capacity? Why do hydrogen bonds give water a high specific heat capacity? Why does water have a high latent heat of evaporation? What is the definition of cohesive? Why are water molecules cohesive? What are the advantages of water molecules being cohesive? Why is water a good solvent? Why is water less dense when it is solid? Why is water's high specific heat capacity useful for living organisms? What are carbohydrates made from? Briefly describe the structure of glucose. What are the two forms of glucose and how do they differ? What is a polymer? Briefly describe the structure of ribose? What three elements are all carbohydrates made up of? What sort of bond forms a disaccharide? Describe condensation reactions. What is maltose formed of? What do alpha-glucose and fructose join to form? 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What sort of reaction breaks down polynucleotides? What bonds form between two DNA polynucleotide strands? What does complementary base pairing mean? Which DNA base does adenine always pair with? Which DNA base does cytosine always pair with? How many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine? How many hydrogen bonds form between cytosine and guanine? What does antiparallel mean? What sort of reaction purifies DNA? What is DNA helicase? Describe how DNA self-replicates. What is semi-conservative replication? What can a random mutation lead to? What is meant by an anticodon? What is the role of tRNA during translation? What is the role of mRNA during translation? What is the product of translation? When does RNA polymerase stop making mRNA? What are enzymes? What is meant by the phrase "biological catalyst"? Give an example of an intracellular enzyme. When is hydrogen peroxide formed? What is the role of catalase? Give examples of extracellular enzymes. 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What is the rough Q10 value of most enzyme-controlled reactions? What is meant by an optimum pH value? What would the optimum pH value of pepsin most likely be? What factors make substrate molecules more likely to collide with enzymes in solution? How does enzyme concentration affect the rate of reaction? How does substrate concentration affect the rate of reaction? How does the rate of reaction change over time when substrate concentration decreases? How can the effects of temperature, pH, enzyme/substrate concentration be investigated experimentally? What is meant by an independent variable? What is meant by a dependent variable? What does it mean if an enzyme is denatured? Explain why increasing the concentration of an enzyme does not always increase the rate of reaction. Explain the effect of increasing substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. Suggest two methods of measuring the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction. What are cofactors? 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Give examples of medicinal drugs as enzyme inhibitors. Give examples of metabolic poisons that act as enzyme inhibitors. What is cyanide an irreversible inhibitor of? What is malonate an enzyme inhibitor of? What is arsenic an enzyme inhibitor of? How are metabolic pathways regulated? What is end-product inhibition? Is end-product inhibition reversible? How can enzyme inhibition help protect cells? What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibitors? Why are some enzymes synthesised as inactive precursors?