Questions 8 and 9: Transactional Writing Flashcards
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What do form, audience and purpose mean in a Paper 2 Question 8 or 9 task?
Form: the type of text (an article, a letter, a review, the text for a speech, or a section for a guide or leaflet). Audience: who will read or hear it. Purpose: what it must do (inform, explain, advise, argue, persuade). The task tells you all three; underline them.
What is register in your own writing?
The level of formality in your writing. Matching register to audience and purpose is part of AO5's "tone, style and register".
How do you decide how formal your Paper 2 writing should be?
Think about who the reader is and your relationship to them. Councillors, a head teacher or a newspaper editor need formal Standard English; a school magazine for students can be lively and conversational, but still Standard English.
Can you use slang when writing for a teenage audience on Paper 2?
Avoid it. Contractions, direct address and humour are enough to sound friendly. Slang costs you marks for register (AO5) and for controlled, accurate writing (AO6).
How is writing to advise different from writing to argue?
Advice is helpful and reassuring, using softer modal verbs ("you could", "try") and practical steps. Argument presses a case with reasons and rebuttals.
What is tone, and why does it matter in transactional writing?
Tone is the attitude your voice conveys: warm, wry, urgent, measured. A confident, sustained tone that suits the audience makes writing convincing, whether you are advising, informing or arguing.
A task says: "Write a letter to your head teacher…". What do form, audience and purpose suggest about your writing?
A formal letter to one adult in authority: respectful, firm and reasoned, with proposals the head could act on rather than complaints.
A speech to the local council opens "Hey guys, so basically…". What's wrong, and how would you fix it?
The register is far too informal for councillors, which loses AO5 marks for tone and register. Try "Good evening, councillors." followed by a clear statement of why you are speaking.
Who is the audience implied by "a broadsheet newspaper"?
Educated adult readers of all ages, who expect a reasoned argument, a wider context and a fairly formal register, though wit is welcome.
Why should you think about what your audience already believes?
If you can anticipate their views (e.g. parents worried about cost), you can address them directly, which makes your argument far more convincing for that reader.
What are the main conventions of a written article?
A headline, an optional standfirst, perhaps one or two subheadings, then well-developed paragraphs. Don't draw columns or pictures.
What makes a good article headline?
It is short and punchy, hooks the reader with wordplay, alliteration or a question, and hints at your viewpoint.
What is a standfirst?
A sentence or two below the headline that sums up the article's angle and draws the reader in, e.g. "Our high street is emptying fast. One student thinks she knows why."
Should you use subheadings in a Paper 2 article?
Optional. One or two can signpost the stages of a longer article, but they don't replace clear topic sentences, and lots of them make the piece look like a list.
What are good ways to open an article?
A brief anecdote, a sharp observation, a bold claim, or a question that matters to the reader. Avoid stock openings ("Picture this…") that examiners see thousands of times.
How does the place an article appears change how you write it?
A school magazine allows a lively, personal voice; a national newspaper or broadsheet needs a more formal register and wider examples; a website article may be shorter-paragraphed and direct.
How could you end an article strongly?
Return to your opening anecdote or image (a cyclical ending), give a call to action, or finish on a short, memorable line. Don't just repeat your points.
What techniques does the headline "Screen Time? Make It Green Time" use, and what is their effect?
Rhyme and a question followed by an imperative. It is catchy and signals the viewpoint at once: swap screens for the outdoors.
Can you write in the first person in an opinion article?
Yes. Opinion columns use "I" and personal experience, but the best ones widen out from the personal to the bigger picture.
How long should you spend on the headline and standfirst?
A minute or so. They show you know the form, but the marks come from what you write underneath, so don't spend ten minutes polishing a pun.
What layout features show you are writing a formal letter?
Your address and the date at the top, a salutation ("Dear…"), paragraphs, and a sign-off with your name. In the exam a brief nod to the addresses is enough.
Which sign-off goes with "Dear Sir or Madam"?
"Yours faithfully": you use it when you don't know the person's name.
Which sign-off goes with "Dear Mrs Hale"?
"Yours sincerely": you use it when you've addressed the person by name.
How should you write the opening paragraph of a formal letter?
Say who you are, why you are writing, and your view, e.g. "As a Year 11 student at Northfield Academy, I am writing to oppose the proposal to…"
What register should a formal letter use, even when you're angry?
Formal and polite but firm. Controlled anger is more persuasive than rudeness, which lets the reader dismiss you.
How should a formal letter end?
Sum up your view and ask for a specific action or reply, e.g. "I urge you to reconsider, and I look forward to your response." Then the correct sign-off.
How do you begin a letter to a newspaper editor?
"Dear Editor" or "Dear Sir or Madam", signed off "Yours faithfully".
Why is it worth acknowledging the recipient's position in a letter?
Recognising their pressures ("I understand the council's budget is stretched…") shows respect and fairness, and makes your case harder to dismiss.
How should you write a letter to someone you know well, such as a relative?
Less formal: "Dear Gran", a warmer tone, and a sign-off such as "Best wishes" or "Love". It must still have a clear purpose and be written in accurate Standard English.
Who is the reader of a Paper 2 letter, and why does it matter?
Usually a named role (head teacher, editor, council, a local business). What you write should suit that person: proposals they can act on, or the information they need.
What are the main features of a speech?
A greeting to the audience, direct address, signposting, rhetorical devices built for the ear, a memorable ending, and often thanks at the close.
How should a speech greet its audience?
To suit the occasion: "Good evening, councillors", "Fellow students", "Ladies and gentlemen". It shows at once that you know who you're talking to.
Why does a speech need signposting?
Listeners can't re-read, so phrases like "My first reason…" or "Let me turn to…" help them follow the argument.
Why does repetition work especially well in a speech?
Listeners remember what they hear repeatedly. Repeating a key phrase creates rhythm and fixes your message in their minds.
What do inclusive pronouns (we, us, our) do in a speech?
They make speaker and audience a team with a shared problem, so agreeing with you feels natural.
What technique is used in "We can wait. We can hope. Or we can act.", and what is its effect?
A tricolon with repetition of "We can". The short sentences build to a climax, so the final option, acting, feels like the only sensible choice.
How do you write "for the ear" in a speech?
Vary sentence length: short sentences for emphasis, questions that the audience answer in their heads, and patterns that are easy to follow aloud.
How should a speech end?
With a call to action, a return to your opening image, or a short, punchy line, then "Thank you for listening."
Should you write stage directions such as (pauses) or (audience claps) in a speech?
No. Show the drama through the writing itself, e.g. a short sentence on its own line creates a pause naturally.
How would a speech to a school assembly differ from one to councillors on the same topic?
The assembly speech can be warmer and more personal, with examples from school life; the council speech needs a formal register and proposals the council has the power to carry out.
What does a well-built argument paragraph contain?
A topic sentence stating the point, a specific example, an explanation of why it supports your view, and a link to the next step.
Why should an argument deal with the opposing view?
A thoughtful reader expects fairness. Setting out the other side honestly, then explaining why your view is stronger, makes your conclusion convincing.
What does this sentence do? "Some argue that homework teaches discipline. Yet discipline learned under threat of detention is obedience, not self-motivation."
It states a counter-argument and rebuts it by redefining the key term: the "discipline" homework teaches isn't the kind that matters.
How do you stop an argument going round in circles?
Make sure each paragraph moves the argument on (a new reason, a deeper consequence, a tougher objection) rather than restating your main point in new words.
What is a review?
A piece judging how good something is (a film, restaurant, event, product), mixing brief description with a clear opinion and a verdict.
How could you structure a review?
A hook, brief context (what, where, who for), the strengths, the weaknesses, then a clear verdict or recommendation.
What is a guide, and what features does it use?
A text that explains or advises: a clear title, sections with subheadings, second person ("you"), practical tips and imperatives ("Start with…").
What features suit the text of a leaflet?
A clear title, short sections with subheadings, perhaps a few bullet points, and a closing next step (where to go, what to do). Write the text only; no pictures.
Should you lay out a leaflet in columns or boxes in the exam?
No. Write the text in order with subheadings. Drawing a layout wastes time and earns nothing.
What tone suits a guide or leaflet that advises?
Friendly and reassuring, with softer modal verbs ("you could", "it's worth…"). It shouldn't sound bossy.
Does a section for a guide need a point of view?
Not usually. A guide informs and advises: its job is to be clear, practical and trustworthy for its reader. Your voice still shows in what you recommend and how, but you don't need to argue a case unless the task asks for your views.
Should you use bullet points in a leaflet or guide on Paper 2?
Sparingly. A short list can suit a leaflet, but most of the text should be full sentences, which show the sentence and punctuation range AO6 rewards.
How would a game review differ for a teen magazine and a broadsheet newspaper?
Teen magazine: lively, humorous, conversational. Broadsheet: more measured and analytical, considering wider issues such as price or the game's place in the culture.
What does a rhetorical question do in persuasive writing?
It makes the reader answer in their head, and implies the answer is obvious, so they feel they've agreed with you.
What is the rule of three, and what does it do?
Grouping ideas in threes ("cheaper, cleaner, safer"). The rhythm feels complete and memorable, and makes the case sound well-supported.
What does direct address ("you") do in persuasive writing?
It speaks to the reader personally, making the issue their concern and their responsibility.
What does an anecdote add to an argument?
A short real-life story makes an abstract point concrete and emotionally real. Widen it out: show what the story means for many people.
What do statistics add to an argument, and when should you use them?
They lend authority and make a problem seem measurable. Use one only if you know it is real or it is a rough, widely known fact ("most of us carry a phone"); otherwise a concrete example does the job better.
How should you use expert opinion in your Paper 2 writing?
Refer to experts in general, plausible terms ("doctors routinely warn that…"). Inventing named professors and universities sounds fake.
What does emotive language do, and what's the risk?
Words with strong feelings attached ("abandoned", "suffering") stir the reader's emotions. Overuse sounds melodramatic, so save it for key moments.
What does hyperbole do in persuasive writing?
Deliberate exaggeration emphasises a point or adds humour, but it must be obviously deliberate, not a false claim.
What do imperatives do in persuasive writing?
Command verbs ("Imagine…", "Act now") give a direct call to action, often at the end.
What does antithesis (a "not… but…" contrast) do?
Setting opposites side by side ("This is not a cost; it is an investment") sharpens the choice and makes your side seem the obvious one.
In "Is a cheaper bus fare really too much to ask?", which technique is used and what is its effect?
A rhetorical question. "Really" and "too much to ask" make the request sound modest, so anyone who refuses seems unreasonable.
In "We are told that phones distract us, that phones isolate us, that phones are ruining us," which techniques are used and what is their effect?
A tricolon with repetition of "phones", rising to the hyperbolic "ruining". Framed by "We are told", it can mock the claims and set up a rebuttal.
Should you try to fit in as many persuasive techniques as possible?
No. Devices only earn credit when they serve your argument. A checklist approach makes writing mechanical; a few well-placed techniques work better.
What is a counter-argument?
A fair statement of the opposing view. Including it shows you have thought about the issue and makes you seem reasonable.
What is a rebuttal?
Your response to the counter-argument, explaining why it is wrong or weaker than your view.
How do you turn an abstract point into a concrete one?
Replace a general claim with a specific situation: not "public transport is bad", but "the last bus from my estate leaves at 6.40 pm, stranding anyone on a late shift."
How do the best Paper 2 answers move between big ideas and specific detail?
They state a general view, then drill down to specific examples to develop it. The reverse works too: a personal anecdote should widen out to the bigger picture.
Which discourse markers help you build an argument?
Sequence: firstly, next. Add: moreover. Contrast: however. Concede: admittedly. Conclude: ultimately. They show how each point connects.
What is a reliable structure for an argument on Paper 2?
An introduction with your stance; three or four developed points, each with an example; a counter-argument and rebuttal; a conclusion that links back to your opening.
What is a topic sentence, and why use one?
The first sentence of a paragraph, stating its main point. It keeps the argument clear and helps the reader follow it.
How should you use the planning box for an argument on Paper 2?
Decide your stance; list 3–4 points, each with a concrete example; note one counter-argument; plan an opening and ending that link.
When you're asked to argue, should your answer be one-sided or balanced?
It can be one-sided, but acknowledging the other view (then rebutting it) makes it stronger. Balance means a clear view that deals with objections, not switching sides.
What is a concession, and why does it help?
Admitting part of the other side is true ("Admittedly, cars are convenient…") before going on. It shows nuance, which marks out the complex ideas rewarded at the top levels.
Why is "Social media is bad for everyone" a weak argument, and how could it improve?
It is absolute and abstract. Qualify and specify: "For a thirteen-year-old already anxious about their looks, an endless feed of filtered faces can turn worry into shame."
How can you use an analogy in your own Paper 2 writing?
Compare your issue to something your audience already understands, then draw the conclusion: "Banning phones at lunch to improve concentration is like closing the canteen to improve fitness." Keep it short and fair. An analogy that's obviously unfair makes the reader distrust you.
Should you use generalisations in your Paper 2 writing?
Sparingly, and on purpose. "We all know the feeling of…" builds rapport, but sweeping claims ("All politicians lie") undermine your credibility with a thoughtful audience. Qualify them: "many", "too often", "most of us".
What are Paper 2 Questions 8 and 9, and how many marks are they worth?
A choice of two transactional writing tasks. You answer one, for 40 marks: 24 for AO5 and 16 for AO6, marked on the same grids as Paper 1's writing.
How long should you spend on Paper 2 Section B?
About 45 minutes: roughly 5–10 minutes to plan, then most of the time writing, with a few minutes at the end to check.
Which forms can Paper 2 Questions 8 and 9 ask for?
An article, a letter, a review, the text for a speech, or a section for a guide, textbook, leaflet or booklet. Since 2022 that is the definitive list. Essays and reports are not on it.
What does a Paper 2 writing task give you?
A form, an audience and a topic, then three 'you could include' bullets, 'as well as any other ideas you might have'. The bullets are suggestions to help you, not a checklist you must follow.
Do Paper 2 writing tasks always ask you to argue?
No. Many ask you to inform, explain or advise: a section for a guide to raising money for a cause, an article with advice on planning a day out, a speech about a happy memory. Read what the task wants before deciding on your tone.
How is the Section B theme linked to the reading?
The writing tasks share a theme with Text 1 and Text 2 (careers, picnics, extreme weather). The reading can give you ideas, but your writing must be your own.
Can you write a story for Paper 2 Question 8 or 9?
No. Examiners report narratives written in answer to transactional tasks. A personal anecdote can support a speech or article, but the piece must be the form the task asks for.
What does AO5 reward in transactional writing?
Communicating clearly and imaginatively in the right tone, style and register for the form, audience and purpose, and organising ideas so they develop and connect. At the top, you shape the reader's response with subtlety.
What should go in the planning box for Question 8 or 9?
Form, audience and purpose noted at the top, then a quick list of your paragraphs in order, with an opening and ending decided. Plans aren't marked unless you write nothing else.
What should you avoid inventing in transactional writing?
Precise statistics, named experts and fake studies. They sound made up. Use concrete, believable examples instead.
A task says 'Write a section for a guide for young people on finding a first part-time job.' What are the form, audience and purpose?
Form: a section of a guide, with a title, subheadings and clear sections. Audience: young people. Purpose: to inform and advise, so a friendly, helpful tone rather than an argument.
What is the difference between writing to inform, to explain and to advise?
Inform: give the reader facts and information. Explain: help them understand how or why something happens. Advise: help them decide what to do, with practical suggestions.
What does writing to inform need?
Clear, accurate, well-organised information: a logical order, topic sentences, concrete examples and a confident, knowledgeable tone. Avoid invented statistics.
Which connectives help you explain?
Cause and effect: because, so, as a result, this means that, therefore. They show how one idea leads to the next.
What language suits writing to advise?
Second person (you), imperatives (Start by…, Try…), modal verbs for options (you could, you might, it's worth), and reassurance (don't worry if…).
How do you stop advice sounding bossy?
Mix gentle modal verbs with imperatives, explain why each piece of advice helps, and acknowledge the reader's situation: 'If you've never done this before, it can feel daunting, so…'
How should you organise an informative or advice text?
An introduction that sets out the topic and why it matters to the reader; sections that each cover one aspect, perhaps with subheadings; and a conclusion with a final tip or encouragement.
Can you include your own experience in an advice text?
Yes, briefly: a short anecdote makes advice feel tested and friendly. Keep the focus on the reader's needs, not your story.
How can you show you know your audience when advising?
Choose advice that suits them (students on a budget, parents of young children), use examples from their world, and match the register: lively for peers, more formal for adults.
Rewrite as advice for teenagers: 'Students must make a revision timetable.'
For example: 'Try mapping out your week before you start: even a rough timetable means you're not deciding what to revise every evening, which saves more time than you'd think.'
Which sentence explains rather than informs? (a) 'The café opens at eight.' (b) 'The café opens at eight so that people on early shifts can get breakfast on the way to work.'
(b). It gives a reason (so that…), explaining why. (a) simply informs.
Should an information or advice text still have a voice?
Yes. A confident, engaging voice keeps the reader reading. Humour, direct address and well-chosen examples make even practical writing lively.
How can you make advice memorable?
Give each tip a reason and a concrete example, use a pattern such as a list of three, and end with a short line the reader will remember.
What is the main purpose of a review?
To give a reasoned judgement so readers can decide whether to watch, visit, buy or read something. It combines information with opinion.
Should a review give away the ending of a film or book?
No. Give enough of the premise to interest the reader, and warn them if you must mention a twist. A review that spoils the ending lets its readers down.
How do you make a review sound balanced?
Weigh strengths and weaknesses with specific examples before your verdict: 'The acting is superb, but the second half drags.' A balanced review is more trustworthy than pure praise or pure attack.
What language suits a review?
Evaluative adjectives and adverbs (gripping, disappointingly), precise detail (a particular scene, dish or moment), comparisons with similar things, and a confident first-person voice.
How should a review end?
With a clear verdict and who it suits: 'If you want a gentle family comedy, go; if you want surprises, wait for something else.'
How can a review open strongly?
With a striking detail, a question, or a bold judgement that makes the reader want to know why: 'I went in expecting to be bored. I came out wanting to book again.'
Improve this review sentence: 'The food was nice and the place was good.'
For example: 'The pizza arrived blistered from the wood oven, the base thin enough to fold, and the staff remembered our order without writing it down.' Specific detail shows the judgement rather than stating it.
What does a 'section for a guide' mean?
One part of a larger guide on a topic. Write it so it could sit inside the guide: a clear title or heading, an introduction to this section, then organised information and advice.
What organisational features suit a section for a guide?
A title, subheadings, short paragraphs, perhaps a numbered list of steps, and a closing tip. Pearson's mark schemes expect a guide to be set out using organisational features.
How should a guide speak to its reader?
Directly and helpfully: second person, imperatives softened with modal verbs, and a friendly, knowledgeable tone that suits the audience named in the task.
What is the difference between a guide, a leaflet and a booklet in the exam?
Very little: all inform and advise, with headings and clear sections. A leaflet is shorter and punchier; a guide or booklet can go into more depth. Write the text only, with no pictures or columns.
How can you make a guide section more than a list of tips?
Explain why each tip matters, give an example or brief anecdote, and connect the sections so the guide builds towards a clear outcome for the reader.
Write a subheading and an opening sentence for a guide section on keeping safe in hot weather.
For example: Beat the Heat Hot days are great for the beach, but they can catch you out: here's how to enjoy the sun without ending up in the first-aid tent.