Troubles at Home & Abroad Flashcards
All 58 cards in this deck
Whom did Mary, Queen of Scots marry in 1558?
Mary, Queen of Scots married the Dauphin, heir to the French throne, strengthening ties between France and Scotland.
What did the Act of Supremacy (1559) do?
It made Elizabeth supreme governor (not 'supreme head') of the Church of England, a title more acceptable to Catholics.
What did the Act of Uniformity (1559) do?
It required all church services to follow the format laid out in the Book of Common Prayer.
What is meant by Elizabeth's 'middle way' in religion?
A compromise between Catholics and Protestants intended to appease followers of both.
Why did Puritans object to vestments?
They believed the special vestments priests had to wear were too close to Catholic vestments.
Why did Puritans object to bishops?
Bishops were not mentioned in the Bible, and some Puritans saw them as part of a Catholic-style Church hierarchy.
What is recusancy?
Refusing to attend Church of England services; many Catholic nobles and gentry paid recusancy fines instead.
What was the Douai seminary?
An English seminary in the Spanish Netherlands (now northern France), founded in 1568, that trained Catholic priests and sent them to England, strengthening English Catholicism.
Who was Mary, Queen of Scots, in relation to Henry VIII?
His great-niece, giving her a direct claim to the English throne.
Why did Elizabeth being unmarried and childless make Mary, Queen of Scots, a threat?
Mary was next in line to the throne, so if Elizabeth died without an heir, a Catholic queen would inherit.
What happened to Mary, Queen of Scots, when she fled to England in 1568?
Elizabeth had her imprisoned, as Mary could otherwise raise an army to depose her.
Why did Mary's presence in England after 1568 increase Catholic opposition to Elizabeth?
Mary provided a Catholic alternative to Elizabeth and became a focus of Catholic plotting.
What was the Revolt of the Northern Earls, 1569–70?
A rebellion by the Catholic Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland that aimed to depose Elizabeth and crown Mary, Queen of Scots.
What was the Ridolfi Plot (1571)?
A plot by the Italian banker Roberto Ridolfi to murder Elizabeth, land Spanish troops from the Netherlands, and marry Mary, Queen of Scots to the Duke of Norfolk so she could take the throne.
What was the Throckmorton Plot (1583)?
Francis Throckmorton's plan for a French invasion led by the Duke of Guise, with funds from Spain and the Pope, to free Mary, Queen of Scots and make her queen.
What was the Babington Plot (1586)?
A plan by Anthony Babington to assassinate Elizabeth and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots, supported by the Pope and Philip II.
Give one reason Mary, Queen of Scots was executed in 1587.
Walsingham's evidence from the Babington Plot letters implicated her in a plan to assassinate Elizabeth.
Give one significance of the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587.
It removed the figurehead of Catholic plotting in England, but angered Catholic Europe and helped persuade Philip II to launch the Armada.
What did the papal bull of 1570 do?
It excommunicated Elizabeth, calling her the 'pretended queen', which encouraged English Catholics to flout the religious settlement and increased the risk of foreign invasion.
What was the Treaty of Joinville (1584)?
An alliance between Philip II of Spain and the French Catholic League, led by the Duke of Guise, which raised fears of Spain and France uniting against England.
What was the Treaty of Nonsuch (1585)?
An agreement between Elizabeth and the Dutch Protestant rebels in which she promised to send troops and money against Spain.
Give one reason Elizabeth intervened directly in the Netherlands in 1585.
To stop Spain gaining full control of Dutch ports, which could be used to launch an invasion of England.
What was the raid on Cadiz (1587), known as 'singeing the King of Spain's beard'?
Drake's attack on the Spanish naval base at Cadiz, destroying ships and supplies, which delayed the Armada by a year and left it short of provisions.
Give one English naval advantage that helped defeat the Spanish Armada.
English ships were more manoeuvrable in the Channel and had superior long-range artillery.
Give one political reason the Northern Earls rebelled in 1569.
They resented losing power at court to Elizabeth's Protestant favourites, such as William Cecil and Robert Dudley.
Why did Elizabeth's seizure of the Genoese loan (1568) anger Spain?
Spanish ships carrying money borrowed from Genoese bankers to pay Alba's army in the Netherlands took refuge in English ports, and Elizabeth kept the money. Spain lost funds for its troops and hit back by seizing English goods.
Why did Elizabeth knighting Drake in 1581 worsen relations with Spain?
She knighted him aboard the Golden Hind after he had plundered Spanish ships and ports, so Philip II saw it as open royal approval of piracy against Spain.
Why could English ships fire faster than Spanish ships in 1588?
English guns sat on smaller, compact carriages that were easier to haul back and reload, so they fired far more often than the Spanish guns.
Who were Edmund Campion and Robert Parsons?
The first Jesuit missionary priests to come to England, in 1580, to keep Catholicism alive; Campion was captured and executed in 1581, while Parsons escaped abroad.
What were the Puritans?
'Hotter sort of Protestants', influenced by John Calvin, who wanted simple services, plain clothes and little church decoration, and the Church of England purified of Catholic practices.
What happened to Archbishop Grindal, and what did his successor John Whitgift do?
Grindal refused to suppress prophesyings (Puritan Bible meetings), so Elizabeth suspended him in 1577; after he died in 1583, the harsher Whitgift issued the Three Articles, forcing clergy to accept the bishops, the Prayer Book and the 39 Articles.
True or false? Elizabeth treated the leaders and rebels of the Northern Rebellion leniently.
False. She was ruthless: hundreds of rebels were executed, and the Earl of Northumberland was executed in 1572.
Why did Mary, Queen of Scots flee to England in 1568?
Scottish Protestant lords, suspicious of her role in Lord Darnley's murder and angry at her marriage to Bothwell, forced her to abdicate and defeated her army at Langside.
What were the Casket Letters?
Letters produced at the 1568 inquiry as evidence that Mary, Queen of Scots helped murder Darnley; the inquiry reached no verdict, so Elizabeth kept Mary in custody.
What was the Bond of Association (1584)?
A pledge, drawn up after the Throckmorton Plot, to hunt down and kill anyone who attempted to kill Elizabeth, and anyone who would benefit from her death — aimed at Mary, Queen of Scots.
True or false? Parliament pressed for Mary, Queen of Scots to be executed years before Elizabeth agreed.
True. Parliament demanded her death after the Ridolfi Plot in 1571–72, but Elizabeth refused until after the Babington Plot.
Who was the Duke of Medina Sidonia?
The commander of the Spanish Armada in 1588 — a nobleman with little naval experience who stuck rigidly to Philip II's plan and overrode experienced captains.
True or false? Philip II's Armada plan depended on meeting the Duke of Parma's army in the Netherlands.
True. The fleet was to escort Parma's 27,000 troops across the Channel, but poor communication meant Parma was not ready when the Armada arrived.
What did the English do to the Armada at Calais in 1588?
They sent in fireships, which broke up the anchored Spanish crescent formation; the scattered fleet was then beaten at the Battle of Gravelines.
What happened to the Spanish Armada after Gravelines?
It was driven north and had to sail home around Scotland and Ireland, where storms wrecked many ships; only about half returned to Spain.
True or false? All Puritans wanted to break away from the Church of England.
False. Most Puritans wanted to reform the Church from within; only a minority were separatists, such as Robert Browne's separatist church set up in Norwich in about 1580.
True or false? Mary, Queen of Scots had been Queen of Scotland since she was a baby.
True. She became queen when she was less than a week old in 1542, after the death of her father James V.
True or false? The English defeated the Armada in 1588 by boarding and capturing the Spanish ships.
False. The Spanish wanted to board English ships; the English avoided this and used their faster, more agile ships to fire from a distance.
What did the treason laws of 1571 do?
Passed after the papal bull, they made it treason, punishable by death, to deny Elizabeth was the lawful queen or call her a heretic, and to bring papal bulls into England.
What did the 1581 Act against Catholics do?
It raised the fine for recusancy to £20 a month and made converting someone to Catholicism an act of treason.
What did the 1585 Act Against Jesuits and Seminary Priests do?
It ordered Catholic priests trained abroad to leave England within 40 days, made it treason for them to stay, and made sheltering them a felony.
How did the 1593 law restrict Catholic recusants?
They were forbidden to travel more than five miles from their homes.
What was a priest hole?
A secret hiding place built into a Catholic family's house so that a missionary priest could escape government searchers. The carpenter Nicholas Owen built many.
When and where did Mary, Queen of Scots arrive in England?
In May 1568, landing at Workington in Cumberland. She was taken to Carlisle Castle, and Elizabeth then had her moved to Bolton Castle in Yorkshire, further from the coast and the Scottish border.
How did Walsingham trap Mary in the Babington Plot?
His double agent Gilbert Gifford passed on the coded letters smuggled in and out of Chartley, and Thomas Phelippes decoded them. In July 1586 Mary wrote approving the plan to kill Elizabeth.
Where and when was Mary, Queen of Scots tried and executed?
At Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire: tried for treason in October 1586 and beheaded on 8 February 1587.
Who was William Davison?
Elizabeth's secretary, who had the death warrant she signed sealed and passed it to the Privy Council, which sent it to Fotheringhay without telling her. She claimed she had not meant it to be used and had him imprisoned in the Tower and heavily fined.
What happened to the Duke of Norfolk after the Ridolfi Plot?
He was found guilty of treason and, after Elizabeth hesitated several times, was beheaded in June 1572.
Why did the Duke of Alba's arrival in the Netherlands in 1567 alarm England?
Philip II sent him with a large Spanish army to crush the Dutch Protestant revolt by force, putting a powerful Catholic army just across the Channel.
Why did the assassination of William of Orange in 1584 push Elizabeth towards war?
It left the Dutch rebels leaderless just as Parma was winning, so Elizabeth changed from secret help to open military support in the Treaty of Nonsuch (1585).
What was a culverin?
A long-barrelled, long-range cannon carried by English ships in 1588, which let them damage Spanish ships from a distance without being boarded.
True or false? The war with Spain ended with the defeat of the Armada in 1588.
False. An English counter-attack on Portugal failed in 1589, Philip sent further Armadas in 1596 and 1597 (both scattered by storms), and the war lasted until 1604.
Why did the cloth trade give England an interest in the Netherlands?
Antwerp was the main market for English woollen cloth, so fighting and trade bans in the Spanish Netherlands damaged English merchants and the economy.